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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  histo^'tques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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copy  which  may  be  bibliographicdlly  unique, 
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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modifi    ition  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
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D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

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Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

n    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 


D 

D 
D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
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I      I    Pages  detached/ 


D 


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Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


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D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


n 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  di£*-)rtion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
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II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 


I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


10, 

K 

This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

14X                               18X                               22X 

26X 

30X 

v 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

:ails 
du 

)difier 
une 
nage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  i  la 
gdn^rosite  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


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plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  enaing  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
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sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


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premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — •►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END  "). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FiN", 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
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required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  6  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  6  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


jrrata 
to 


pelure, 
m  6 


n 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i 


f 


f 


Indian  Names 


i 


of  Places  Near  the 


Great  Lakes 


BY 


DWIGHT    H.  KELTON,  A.M., 

CAPTAIN   U.  S.  ARMY, 

Author  of  Annala  of  Fort  Mackinac;    History  of  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal, 

Corresponding  Jleinber  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society, 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 

Member  of  the  American  Historical  Aasociation, 

Member  of  The  American  Folk-Lore  Society. 


VOL.  I. 


f 


DETROIT,    MICHIGAN. 

188  8. 


Entered  according   to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1888,  by 

DWIGHT    H.    KELTON, 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,*  at  Washington. 


Printed  by 
Detroit  Free  Press  Printing  Co. 


> 


THIS   BOOK 


IS     DEDICATED 


TO   THE    MEMORY    OF    MY    FRIEND, 


HONORABLE 


LUKE    POTTER    POLAND 


OF  VERMONT. 


BORN,  NOVEMBER  i,  1815'. 


DIED,   JULY   2,    1887. 


"  The  last  of  all  ///,;  Romans,  fare  thee  well:' 


fsam 


CONTENTS. 


PAtJH 

Algonkin, \        ^  jj 

Ashland    Bay, i^ 

Aurora  Borealis,    .                        ....  20 

Chee-chee-ping-way, 20 

Chesapeake,      .        .                .        .                _  21 

Chicagvo, .        .  22 

Connecticut, 23 

Detroit,      .        .        . 23 

Eskimo, 24 

GardenRiver,        .        .        .        .        .        ^  25 

Gogokazhogan, 26 

Housatonic, 26 

Huronlslands,        .        ,        ,        .                ,  2(5 

Illinois,             27 

K  a  u  k  a  u  n  a , 30 

LakeWinnebago, 30 

LeechLake, 32 

LesChenaux, 33 

Manitoulinlsland, 33 

ManitouPayment, 34 

MauchChunk, 37 


6                                   coiNTEN  rs. 

1 

I'AGK 

Metomen, 

37 

Missouri    River, 

.     37 

Mindemoya    Lake,     .... 

4.1 

Monkey, 

.        .     42 

Monongahela, 

42 

Mudjekeewis, 

.     43 

Nahma, 

43 

Ottawa, 

.     44 

Penetanguishene, 

46 

Pontiac,        .       .       .        . 

.     46 

Pyramid    Rock, 

47 

Quebec,         ....... 

.     47 

Quinnesec, 

47 

Sachem,        

.     48 

Saskatchiwan,      ..... 

48 

Saut  Ste.  Marie, 

.        .    48 

Shiawassee,       ...... 

.     60 

Sun-Dial,  ....... 

60 

Tadoussac, 

.     61 

Thermometer,      ..... 

61 

Totem, 

.     52 

Wabash, 

53 

Washington    Island,     .        . 

.     53 

Wicomico, 

54 

Yenadizze, 

.     56 

York  Island, 

55 

' 


' 


.^-ta-' 


.-^ 


/ 


fa^.M^A 


'^f^. 


\ 


/ 


GREETING. 


A  glance  at  a  map  of  the  country  adjacent 
to  our  Great  Lakes,  will  show  that  a  laree  num- 
ber  of  Indian  Names  of  places,  rivers,  et  cetera, 
have  been  retained  in  their  oritrinal  or  in  a 
mutilated  form  ;  and  it  is  with  some  of  these,  of 
Algonkin  origin,  with  which  we  deal,  in  order  to 
rescue  from  oblivion  some  interesting  historical  facts 
and  legendary  tales,  as  well  as  to  give  a  clearer 
insight  into  the  beautiful  and  well-equipped  lan- 
guage of  the  fast  disappearing  race  of  red  men 
who  once  occupied  that  country. 

Most  of  these  words  have  never  appeared  on 
the  printed  page,  at  least  not  in  their  present 
form;  and  those  which  the  reader  may  have  en- 
countered in  similar  publications,  will  here  be 
found   interpreted   either  differently,  or  more  fully. 

Absolute  freedom  from  errors  and  inaccuracies, 


\. 


, 


8 


GREETING. 


is  not  claimed  ;  and  scholars  acquainted  with  the 
difficulty  of  the  task  will  be  the  most  lenient 
critics. 

As  to  the  extent  of  explanation,  a  middle 
course  has  been  followed.  Some  readers,  would 
be  content  with  a  simple  interpretation ;  others, 
might  ask  for  even  more  stringent  proofs,  or  de- 
sire a  still  fuller  account  of  the  processes  by 
which  the  results  were  obtained.  Explanations 
which,  to  some,  may  appear  mere  verbiage,  will,  to 
severe  critics,  seem  to  be  still  waiting  in  com- 
pleteness. Let  the  former  pass  over  what  is,  to 
them,  devoid  of  interest. 

The  terminology  of  Indian  grammar,  being  as 
yet  in  an  unsettled  state,  some  liberty  has  been 
taken  in  this  matter.  Thus,  by  "formative,"  will 
be  understood  any  single  sound,  syllable,  or  aggre- 
gate of  syllables,  that  never  appears  as  an  inde- 
pendent word,  but  still  conveys  some  idea  or 
co7icept — often  quite  vague  indeed — and  obtains 
a  definite  meaning,  .or  serves  to  determine  the 
vague  concept,  when  combined  with  other  forma- 
tives  or  words,  or  when  completed  by  mere  formal 


GREETING.  g 

endings,   or  prefixes.     The  formative  may  be  sub- 
stantival,   verbal,    adjectival,    or   adverbial;    also,    a 
single    root,   a    mutilated,    enlarged,    or    metamor- 
phosed root ;  or  even  the  fragment  of  a  compound  ; 
and   employed    in    the   way   of    a    prefix,    infix,    or 
suffix.      But,  in   all   cases,   it  is  to   be   distin<ruished 
from    mere   formal    sounds   or    syllables,    employed 
to    show    the    relation   of  ideas,    whether    they    be 
used    in    the    form    of    prefix,    infix,    suftix,    or    of 
reduplication,   augment,  et  cetera.     This  distinction 
may   sometimes    be    difficult,    or    appear    arbitrary; 
but,  as  a  working    rule,    for   the    present   purpose, 
it  is  convenient. 

A  word  about  the  use  of  the  short  dashes,  in  this 
volume.  They  serve  to  show  whether  a  formative, 
or  any  other  component  of  a  word,  is  employed 
as  a  prefix,  infix,  or  suffix.  Thus,  in  Mamo- 
7mwangwatan,  ma-  (a  formal  syllable,  a  reduplica- 
tion), is  a  prefix;  so  is  mon-  (a  formative,  a 
verbal,  a  metamorphosed  root)  ;  -aivang  (a  forma- 
tive, a  substantival,  an  enlarged  root),  is  a  suffix; 
-w-  (a  formal  sound,  a  truncated  verbal  endin<r) 
is   an    infix;   -atan    (a   formative,  a  verbal,   an    en- 


lO 


GREETING. 


larged  root),  is  a  suffix.  The  fact  that  mon-,  and 
-awang,  in  the  example  here  analyzed,  appear  in 
the  form  of  infixes,  is  left  out  of  consideration, 
their  proper  character  being  that  of  prefix  and 
suffix,  respectively.    •  (See  Monongakela) 

For  the  purpose  of  more  definite  explanation, 
let  us  take  the  word  Kakiweonanin^^  "  at  the 
place  where  they  cross  a  point  by  water."  Kak- 
C straight,"  "right  across,"  "diagonally"),  is  a 
formative  (an  adverbial,  a  simple  root),  that  re- 
quires a  terminal  addition ;  hence  the  dash  is 
placed  at  the  end.  In  the  present  case,  that 
addition  is  -iwe,  a  verbal  ending  implying  action 
or  motion  in  a  general  way.  It  gives  the  compound 
i^kakiwe)  the  conventional  meaning,  "  he  crosses  a 
point,"  "  he  travels  straight  across ;"  and,  if  no 
more  be  added,  the  journey  will  be  understood  to 
be  made  by  land.  Now,  to  derive  from  this  verb 
a  noun  designating  a  place,  and  the  manner  of 
crossing,  the  formative  -onan,  "a  boat  channel,"  is 
added;  thus,  kakiweonan^  "a  place  where  one 
travels  straight  across  in  a  canoe,  or,  by  water." 
The   formal    ending,  -ing,  places    the  word   in   the 


GREETING. 


II 


locative  case;  thus,  ''at  the  place  where  one  travels 
straight    across    in   a   canoe,    or,    by  water."      (See 

Kewccnazv.) 

The  accentuation  of  the   Ojibwa  names  in  this 
volume    is    a    venture.        Readers    practically    ac- 
quainted  with    the    language    will    easily    perceive 
that  in  many  cases   the   acute   accent   (')  has  been 
placed     on    syllables    pronounced   with     no     other 
stress  of  voice  than  others  not  thus  distinguished. 
But    they    will    also    fmd    that    all    these   syllables 
contain  long  vowels.     To  insure  a  perfect  pronun- 
ciation,   not    only    every    long    vowel    should    be 
marked    as   such,  but   also    those  pronounced  very 
rapidly    should     be     distinguished     by    a    sign    of 
quantity.     Such  a  degree  of  accuracy  being  hardly 
required    in    a    work    not    intended    to    teach    the 
language,    accents    have    been    somewhat    liberally 
employed    to    make   up    for   the   deficiency  in    this 
respect.      Moreover,    the    accentuation    of    Ojibwa 
words    is    frequently    optional    (as    in    the    French 
language),    and    cannot    be    determined    with    the 
same  precision  as  in  English. 

Other  words  produced  by  means  of  the  forma- 


12 


GREETING. 


tives  contained  in  this  term,  are  e.g.,  kakakama- 
gad,  "  it  is  square  ;"  (  kak-kak-,  "  straight-straight," 
"straight  on  all  sides;"  -amagad,  "it  is  thus;") 
gkvideoonan,  ''a  turning  point  leading  into  a 
channel;"  {giwidc-,  "around,"  "turning;"  -o,  con- 
tracted from  -iva,  the  last  syllable  in  ghvideiva, 
"he  turns,  sailing  or  rowing;"  -onan,  "a  boat  chan- 
nel," from  oil-,  "a  canoe,"  and  the  s  bstantive 
endmg  -an;  inaonan,  when  used  as  an  independent 
word.)     (See  Detour^ 

This  example,  while  illustrating  the  manipula- 
tion of  formatives,  also  shows  how  necessary  it  is 
for  the  successful  analysis  and  full  interpretation 
of  Indian  words,  to  leave  not  a  single  component 
untouched  by  the  critical  scalpel.  The  neglect  of 
this  rule  has  led  to  innumerable  failures.  Hence, 
in  preparing  this  collection,  that  rule  has  been 
strictly  adhered  to  in  all  cases,  where  the  meaning 
was  not  sufficiently  obvious  and  certain  without 
applying  that  severe  test;  and  whenever  deemed 
desirable,  the  process  has  been  embodied  in  the 
explanation.  To  do  this  in  all  cases  would  have 
swelled  this  volume  to  an  undesirable  size. 


GREETING. 


, 


13 


These  remarks  may  serve  as  an  apology,  to 
the  general  reader,  for  the  philological  minutia 
embodied  in  this  collection  of  Indian  names.  Of 
the  approval,  by  linguists,  of  the  course  here 
followed,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  whether  the  re- 
sults obtained  agree  with  their  own  views,  or  not. 


Approximate  pronunciation  of  vowels  and  con- 
sonants in  the  Ojibwa  and  other  Algic  dialects, 
used  in  the  text : 

a^     as  in  father^  though  frequently  short. 

e,     as  in  net, 

.       g,    as  in  get, 

z\     as  in  live. 

o,     as  in  bo7te. 

d,  4  i,  o,  represent  the  nasn^l  sounds  of  these 
vowels. 

^>  ^?  g  J  J  K  ^.  ^'  A  ^^  ^?  as  in  English ;  though 
the  distinction  between  the  sonant  and  surd  mutes 
{b  and  p,  d  and  /,  g  and  k^  is  not  so  pronounced. 
In  many  instances   these   sounds   are   interchange- 


t 


\ 


H 


GREETING. 


able.  The  same  holds  good  of  /  and  c/z,  zh  and  sh. 
The  sound  of  s  sometimes  approaches  that  of  z. 
The  letters  f,  /,  r,  and  v^  are  not  found  in  the 
Ojibwa  alphabet,  and  in  the  case  of  older  Indians 
these  sounds  are  often  utterly  unpronounceable. 
They  generally  substitute  b  or  /,  for  /  and  v;  and 
n^  for  /  and  r. 

w  is  pronounced  as  in  English,  or  nearly  so, 
except  at  the  end  of  words,  where  aw  is  almost 
equivalent  to  ao;  iw  to  iu;  ow  to  o-o. 

c  and  hy  occur  only  in  the  combination  ch, 
which  is  pronounced  as  in  church. 

For  qu  we  write  kw. 

X  (a  compound  sound)  would  have  to  be 
written  ks^  but  this  combination  does  not  occur ; 
whenever  English  ears  hear  it,  it  is  in  reality  kas, 
kisy  or  kos;  e.  g.,  Metaxigay,  or  Met-ax-e-kay, 
properly  Metdkosige;  Pawtuxet,  from    Pawitikoset. 

d  is  peculiar  to  the  Menominee  dialect.  It  has 
a  sound  intermediate  between  that  of  a  in  man 
and  the  same  vowel  in  fare.  The  same,  or 
nearly  the  same,  sound  occurs  in  the  Delaware 
{Lenape)   dialect,  where    the    Moravian    {German) 


r 


GREETING. 


' 


15 


writers  rendered  it  by  the  combination  ae.  Both 
of  these  dialects  have  also  the  gutteral  German 
ch,  pronounced  as  gh  in  the  Celtic  lough  (or  loch, 
as  spelled  in  Gaelic  and  Irish). 

The  combination  ai  has  almost  the  (diphthong) 
sound  of  the  English  i;  in  many  words,  however, 
each  letter  is  distinctly  pronounced.  The  same 
holds  good  of  aa,  ee,  ti,  00,  ae,  ao,  ou,  and  ei; 
pronounced  ah-ah,  ay-ay,  e-e,  et  cetera. 


. 


In  addition  to  the  usual  abbreviations  of  the 
names  of  states  and  territories,  the  following  are 
used : 

^° County. 

L.  H Lake  Huron. 

^-    ^ Lake  Superior. 

L.  M.     .     . Lake  Michigan. 

S.  of  M Straits  of  Mackinac. 

U.  P.  Mich.    .     .     .  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan. 
L.  P.  Mich.    .     .     .  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan. 


'^ 


i6 


GRIiETING. 


The  particular  locality  to  which  the  Indian  name 
properly  belongs  (although  the  same  geographical 
name  may  be  found  elsewhere)  is  in  parenthesis 
following  the  geographical  name. 


Unless  otherwise  noted,  the  Indian  words  are 
in  the  Ojibwa  (Chippewa)  tongue,  one  of  the 
best  preserved  and  most  widely  known  among  the 
dialects  of  the  great  Algonkin  family  of  languages. 


y()7-?v:-7tiX^.„ 


Detroit,  Mich. 


I 


INDIAN    NAMES. 


1 


Algonkin.  French  A Igojiguin;  originally  ^Z- 
goumekin  {Ango?nel:t),  a  tribal  name  of  obscure 
signification.  It  was  first  applied  to  the  Indians 
of  the  Upper  St.  Lawrence  and  some  of  its 
northern  tributaries;  afterwards,  to  all  the  western 
tribes  of  a  similar  speech,  such  as  the  Ottawa, 
Ojibzva,  PottawatomieSy  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  '■'Upper 
Algonkins''  of  the  early  French  writers,  and 
finally  to  all  tribes  of  kindred  speech,  including 
the  Micmacs,  Abcnakis,  Delawares,  and  others  in 
the  east;  the  Illinois,  Shawnees,  and  others  in  the 
south ;  the  Crees  and  the  Satsikaa,  or  "  Blackfeet," 
in  the  north  and  northwest. 

To  distinguish  the  whole  family  from  the 
Algonkins  proper,  or  "Old  Algonkins,"  all  these 
Indians  may  be  conveniently  comprised  under  the 
name  of  the  Algic  tribes,  or  Indians  of  the  Algic 
tongue.     The  term  is  of  spurious  coinage,  but  has 


i8 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


obtained  sufficient  currency  to  be  considered  legiti- 
mate. 

A  small  remnant  of  the  "Old  Algonkins"  now 
have  their  home  on  the  Lake  of  Two  Mount- 
ains, near  Montreal.  The  early  French  mission- 
aries studied  their  dialect,  in  preference  to  the 
Montagnais  (in  use  on  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence), 
as  more  distinctly  spoken,  and  more  closely  resem- 
bling the  dialects  of  the  *'  Upper  Algonkins," 
among  whom  many  of  them  went  to  labor. 
Among  the  Algic  dialects,  the  Ojibwa  is  the 
most  widely  understood,  and  extensively  studied. 
The  nearest  approach  to  the  parent  dialect,  or 
oriorinal  form  of  the  lanQruao['e,  is  found  in  the 
Cree,   Old  Algonkm,  Ojibwa,  and  Ottawa  dialects. 

Note, — Angomelchik,  a  name  found  in  the  Del- 
aware '"'Wahim  Ohim!'  but  hardly  yet  explained, 
may  have  some  connection  with  Algoutnekin. 


Ashland  Bay.  (Ashland  Co.,  Wis.)  Zhagd- 
wamlk,  in  the  locative  Zhdgawdmikong,  "long- 
stretched  beaver."  Zhagaw-,  "oblong;"  amik^  ''a 
beaver." 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


19 


Probably  the  original  form  of  the  name  was 
zhagawamika,  locative  zhagawamikag,  "a  long 
shoal,"  or  ''far-strctchino-  breakers."  Zliaraw-, 
"oblong;"  minamt/ca,  -amika^  "a  shoal,"  "there 
are  breakers." 

The  change  of  form  and  signification  would 
seem  to  be  due  to  a  legend  which  runs  thus : 
Menabosho,  pursuing  the  Great  Beaver  from  the 
St.  Mary's  River  (where  he  broke  his  dams,  and 
thus  formed  the  upper  and  lower  rapids),  through 
his  pond  (Lake  Superior),  drove  him  into  Ash- 
land Bay.  To  secure  his  capture,  Menabosho  built 
a  long  dam  from  the  south-shore  to  Madeline 
Island.  While  engaged  in  this  work  he  threw 
handfulls  of  earth  behind  him  into  the  outer  lake, 
where  they  remain  as  the  smaller  Apostle  Islands. 

The  dam  being  finished,  Menabosho  sure  of 
having  cornered  his  game,  entered  through  the 
North  Channel,  between  Madeline  Island  and  Bay- 
field Peninsula,  but,  behold  !  the  Great  Beaver, 
digging  out  the  South  Channel  (between  Made- 
line Island  and  Shagawarnikon  Point),  broke 
through  Menabosho's  dam,  and  escaped. 


20 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


The  width  of  the  South  Channel  is  now  two 
and  a  half  miles ;  but  the  older  inhabitants  say 
that  formerly  a  point  of  land,  extending  from  the 
western  extremity  of  the  island  towards  S/inj^a- 
tvamikon,  made  it  much  narrower;  and  at  one 
time,  according  to  tradition,  the  distance  was  so 
short  that  an  arrow  could  be  shot  across.  The 
neck  of  the  long  point  has  been  washed  through, 
within  the  last  thirty  years. 

Aurora  Borealis.  Chibdyag  nimiidhvag,  Cree 
chipayak  nitnituivak,  "  the  dead  are  dancing." 
Chibai,  "  a  dead  person,"  "  a  corpse,"  "  a  ghost ;" 
nimi,  "he  is  dancing;"  nimiidhuag,  "they  are 
dancing  with  each  other." 


Chee-chee-ping-way.  The  Indian  name  of 
Alexander  Robinson,  ("  Indian  Robinson,"  also 
"Chief  Robinson,")  who  was  partly  of  Indian 
descent,  and  one  of  the  best  known  characters  in 
the  early  history  of  Chicago.  Chichibiiigive, 
"  Blinking  Eyes ;"  thus  nicknamed  by  the  Indians 
on  account  of  a  physical  peculiarity.     Chibingweni^ 


INDIAN     NAMKS. 


21 


or  chichibins^weni,  "his  eyes  are  twinklin.L; ;"  from 
ckib-,  "movino-  rapidly  hilher  and  thiihcr,  or  up 
and  down  f  -ingive,  "eye  ;"  -eni,  an  ending-  of  verbs 
referrin«r  to  bodily  states. 

C/nbai,  "ghost;"  and  chibam,  (Ottawa)  ''soul/' 
arc  from  the  root  chib ;  chic  hair  (Ojibwa),  "soul," 
is  from  chug,  which  has  a  similar  mcanino".  The 
conception  is  that  of  a  (lutterin,L,^  shadow.  Some- 
times they  use   Chic  hag  for  "  shadow." 


Chesapeake.  (Hay.)  Delaware  Kichizhiivi- 
pck,  or  Kichishvipek,  "at  the  <gx^A\.  salt  water." 
0]\h\wA  Kichizhhoibing,  {K'lchi-,  "orreat;"  nhizci-, 
"sour,"  ''salty;"  -bi,  "water;")  thou^i^di  ordinarily, 
they  now  say  zhiivitaganikichi garni ;  zhiwitagati, 
"salt;"  kichigaini,  "great  body  of  water." 

Zhiivilagan  literally  means  "something  used 
for  making  things  sour."  This  shows  the  modern 
origin  of  the  term ;  for  salt,  as  a  spice,  was  a 
commodity  unknown  to  the  Indians  before  their 
acquaintance  with  the  whites. 


) 


22 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


Chicago.  (111.)  Zhikdgong,  the  locative  case 
of  zhikdgo,  *^a  skunk,"  also  used  as  a  personal 
name. 

Early  French  writers  mention  a  chief  named 
Chicagou,  who  lived  near  the  site  of  the  present 
city.  According  to  tradition,  Chicagou  was 
drowned  in  the  river. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  occasion  for 
applying  that  name  to  the  locality,  there  can  be 
no  question  about  the  etymology  of  the  word. 
Algic  proper  names  are  very  commonly  derived 
from  the  name  of  animals  by  the  addition  of  o. 
Thus  Zkikcigo,  is  zhikag  used  as  a  man's  name  ; 
and  zhikag,  or  skigag,  is  the  Mephitis  Americana, 
or  "skunk."  The  English  term  "skunk,"  itself  is 
a  corruption  of  the  Abenaki  form  of  the  word, 
which  is,  si  kail  (TO. 

Some  have  souo^ht  to  lend  difnitv  to  the  term, 
by  tracing  in  its  first  syllable,  the  second  syllable 
of  kichi,  "great."  This  is  plainly  inconsistent 
with  the  Indian  pronunciation  of  the  name. 

Thf'  orii^in  of  the  word,  however  undiLrnificd. 
is  plain:  zhig,  is  the  Latin  mingere ;  and  kag,  or 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


25 


gag,  thoug-h  now  restricted  to  the  porcupine  spe- 
cies, was  oriorinally  any  horrid  Htde  beast;  hence 
zhi-kag,   is  equal  to  bcstiola  foeda  mingens. 

Others  liave  had  recourse  to  zhigagaiudzh, 
"wild  garhc;"  but  this  does  not  help  matters,  for 
the  ug-ly  root  zhig,  is  still  there,  followed  by  -aga- 
ludz/i,  "  a  plant ;"  hence  planta  urinam  redolens. 
(See  Des  Plaines.) 

Connecticut.  Kinndtikwat,  "at  the  long 
river."  Ojibwa  gcnwatigzveyag,  or  genwatig07ig ; 
from  gino-,  ''long;"  and  -tigzueya,  "the  water 
runs."  The  verbal  -tigzveya  is  derived  from  li'gow, 
"  a  wave  ;"  and  this  from  the  root  ^/g,  from  which 
we  have  -a//g,  "a  tree  ;^'  and  -^ig,  -shtigivan, 
"head;"  the  common  idea  being  that  of  ''top," 
"elevation." 


Detroit.  (Mich.)  From  the  French  Le  De- 
troit, "The  Strait,"  i.  e.,  the  passage  between 
Lakes  St.  Clair  and  Erie. 

The  Indian  name  is  IVaiuiydtaitong,  the  loca- 
tive case  of  IVazuiyalan,  "  the    river  turns,"  or  "  a 


H 


Indian   names. 


curving  channel."  Wawiya-,  ''round"  (circular,  or 
semi-circular)  ;  -atan,  '^  the  river  runs  thus,"  "  a 
channel."  (Compounds  with  this  ending  are  used 
as  verbs  or  nouns.)  Hence  the  name  of  the 
lVeatano7ts,  Ouata7ions,  or  IVeas,  a  small  tribe, 
now  at  the  Quapaw  Agency,  Indian  Territory. 
Their  orii^inal  home  seems  to  have  been  at  the 
turn  of  the  Illinois  river  near  Hennepin  (111.), 
which  also  bore  the  name  of  Wawiyatan.  (See 
Apph'ton.) 

Eskimo.  Eshkibod,  "one  who  eats  his  food 
(meat)  raw."  Ashk-,  "raw,"  "green;"  -pzva,  "to 
taste,""  to  eat." 

From  the  root  ash/c,  in  the  Massachusetts 
dialect  asq,  plural  asquash,  we  have  the  word 
"squash."  In  Ojibwa,  the  term  eshkandammg, 
"what  is  eaten  raw,"  from  the  same  root,  is  used 
for  melons,  cucumbers,  ct  cetera. 

The  Micmac  form  of  the  word  is  said  to  be 
Eskimook,  or  Esku7noga;    Cree  Ayiskimew. 

Frenchman.  WcmitigozJii  (Cree  Wemistiko- 
zhi)j    "one  who    has    a   canoe    (vessel)    of  wood." 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


25 


Mitig,  "tree,"  "wood;"  -071,  (Cree  osi,  02/n,) 
"canoe,"  "boat,"  "ship;"  omitjgoni  (Cree  omisti- 
kosi),  "he  has  a  wooden  boat."  The  chancre  of 
the  initial  0  into  we,  malces  the  participle.  The 
change  of  n  to  zk  is  quite  common. 

The  term  dates  from  the  first  appearance  of 
the  French  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  when  their 
vessels  excited  the  admiration  of  the  natives. 
Among  the  Cree,  the  word  is  now  also  applied  to 
any  white  or  civilized  man  ;  just  as  the  Ojibwa 
call  whites  of  any  nationality  Kichimoko7nana(r, 
"Big  Knives;"  which  originally  meant  Virginians, 
and  later,  Americans. 


! 


Garden  River.  (Ontario.  A  tributary  of  St. 
Mary's  River.)  Kitiglinisibi,  "Plantation  River." 
Kit;  kicki-,  '^ notching,"  "hacking;"  kiiigc,  "he 
plants,"  "he  makes  a  garden;"  kitigan,  "a  planta- 
tion." 

In  the  beginning  of  this  century,  the  In- 
dians living  on  that  stream  raised  all  the  corn 
needed  for  the  fur  trade  in  the  Lake  Superior 
country. 


3 


INDIAN     NAMES. 

Gogokazhogan,  or  "  The  Bridge  of  the 
Dead."  The  meaninof  of  this  word  is  not  "  Owl 
Bridge  '  (J'Cokokoo-azhogafi) ,  as  has  been  suggested, 
but  "unsteady  bridge;"  from  the  redupHcated  root 
gok,  goshk,  givashk,  "trembHng,'  'jumping."  Azho- 
gan,  "a  bridge;"  from  azJioge  (azkazu,  "on  the 
other  side"),   "he  crosses  over." 

The  bridge  of  the  dead  consists  of  a  tree  so 
Hghtly  supported  that  it  swings  up  and  down, 
when  the  soul  of  the  departed  steps  on  it  to  cross 
the  river  which  must  be  passed  in  order  to  reach 
the  "happy  hunting  grounds;"  consequently  many 
fail,  and  falling  into  the  river  are  changed  into 
toads.  Similar  myths  are  met  with  among  most 
Indian  tribes  throughout  America,  not  to  speak  of 
the  ancient  beliefs  of  the  old.  world. 

Housatonic,  Wassdtinak,  the  New  Eng- 
land form  of  the  Ojibwa  Awassadinang,  "beyond 
the  mountain  (or  mountains)."  Awass,  "further," 
'*  beyond;"  -adiji,   "there  is  high  land." 

Huron  Islands.  (Marquette  Co.,  Mich.,  L.  S.) 
Mandkondnitig,  "whither  they  go  for  moss."    Man-, 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


27 


contracted    from    mawau-,     "to    go    for;"     wakon, 
"moss,"   "iichen;"  -ino^,  locative  affix. 

The  lichen  referred  to  is  the  edible  gyrophoea 
known  by  the  French  name  of  tripe  dc  roche, 
"stone  tripe;"  in  time  of  starvation  used  for 
makingr  soup.  Ojibwa  ozhashakon,  from  ozkash-, 
"slippery,"  "gelatinous;"  and  wakoji,  "moss." 
Other  species  are  windigoiuakon,  "giant's  {windi- 
go)  moss;"  missabcnjakon,  {inissabc,  "great  man;" 
-oji,  "abdomen,"  "bowels;")  "great  man's  bowels' 
moss;"  both  names  referring  to  a  legend  in  which 
Mcnabosho  changed  his  bowels,  or  other  parts  of 
his  body,  into  eatable  moss. 


Illinois.  This  is  the  French  renderinor  of 
Ininozvc  (pronounced  e-ncc-no-zva),  the  Indian  name 
of  the  large  tribe  which  once  dwelt  on  the  Illinois 
River.  The  substitution  of  the  letters  //  for  n,  is 
accounted  for  by  the  circumstance  that  the  /  sound 
being  wanting  in  many  of  the  Algic  dialects,  the 
Indians  of  that  speech  generally  change  it  into  n 
when  trying  to  pronounce  it  in  foreign  words. 
Now,  by  a  curious  process,  —  not  without  its  analo- 


28 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


iries  in  other  liniri-iistic  phenomena,  —  the  whites, 
when  pronouncing  Algic  words  containing  the  n 
sound,  frequently  replace  this  by  the  /.  The 
Indians  say  Noc,  Nossi,  Binih,  and  Nazhenckwe,  for 
the  French  Louis,  Lucie,  Phillipc,  and  LAngdiquc; 
while  the  P'rench  have  changed  the  Indian  Mishi- 
jiimakinang,  Mincivag,  Okaganing,  and  Ininoive,  into 
Michilliviakinac,  Milouaki  or  Mcllcoki  (Milwau- 
kee), Kakaiin,  and  LI  lino  is. 

The  word  Ininoive,  is  the  Illinois  form  of  a 
name  apparently  once  common  to  all  the  Algic 
tribes.  Its  original  form,  probably  ininawe,  or  ani- 
iiawe,  underwent  various  modifications  with  the 
breaking  up  of  the  parent  tribe  and  the  conse- 
quent formation  of  dialects. 

With  the  Crees  it  became  nehiyazu,  ninaiue, 
and  ncithaive;  and  with  the  Algonkins  proper, 
niina.  It  appears  in  the  Icnnilcnape  of  the  Dela- 
wares,  and  in  the  corresponding  anishinabe  (orig- 
inally inininabe,  anininabc,)  of  the  Ojibwa,  Ottawa, 
et  cetera. 

Etymologically,  the  word  consists  of  ini^i, 
•'simply,"  "without  any  specification;"  and  aiue,  ''7\ 


i 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


29 


living  being;"  and  means  "a  person,"  and  in  the 
plural,   "people." 

Readers  superficially  acquainted  with  some  one 
of  the  Algic  tongues,  will  be  apt  to  doubt  the 
correctness  of  this  explanation,  since  the  words 
inin,  and  aioc,  are  probably  unknown  to  them ; 
nor  are  they  to  be  found  in  dictionaries.  Neither 
of  them,  it  is  true,  occurs  independently,  but 
their  meaning  is  evident  from  such  combinations 
as  the  following:  ZJiishib,  means  a  duck  of  an)- 
kind;  while  ininishib  means  "the  common  duck," 
"the  duck  that  has  no  other  name."  Kinoseii\ 
(Cree)  etymologically  "long  mouth,"  is  any  sort 
of  fish;  iyinikinoseiv,  is  the  fish,  "the  fish  that 
has  no  other  name,"  "a  pike."  Other  examples 
are  imnati'g;  "a  maple;"  ininandagy  "a  spruce;" 
Cree  iyininiiu  (Ojibwa  iniii)^  "a  huckleberry;"  ct 
cetera. 

Awe  appears  in  oshkinaur,  "a  youth;"  awessi, 
"an  animal;"  awciien,  "who;"  aK'cgzccji,  ''some  one 
unknown  to  mc;"  tibimuve,  "self;"  in  haivdtok 
(Menominee),  "a  spirit,"  literally  "who  may  he 
be,"    and    iMdJ-Hawatok,    "the    Great    Unknown," 


;o 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


/.  c,  God ;  also  in  awe  nuts,  the  New  England 
form  of  haivdtok,  and  once  applied  to  ihc;  whites, 
who  were  for  some  time  looked  upon  as  "spirits," 
or  superior  beings. 

Kaukauna.  (Outagamie  Co.,  Wis.)  Ogdka- 
ii/iio;   ''at  the  place  where  pickerels  are  caught." 

Little  Kaukauna,  farther  down  on  the  Fox 
River,  is  the  locality  mentioned  by  Father  Allouez, 
and  by  him  called  Kekalin.  He  made  the  portage 
May  1 8,   1670.     (See  Kawkawlin  River.) 


Lake  Winnebago.  (Wis.)  The  Indians 
now  call  it  Winibigo-Sdgaigan,  "the  Lake  of  the 
Winnebago  Indians;"  but  the  original  name  was 
Winibi  (pronounced  win-ne-be),  "dirty  water;"  in 
the  locative  case,  Winibing;  or,  in  the  southern 
Algonkin  dialects,  Winibig,  Winipeg,  is  the  Cree 
form  of  the  same  word. 

From  the  Fake,  the  Winnebago  Indians,  who 
lived  in  that  neighborhood  before  they  moved  to 
Green  Bay,  received  their  Algonkin  name ;  and 
the  early  French,  being  informed  of   the  fact  that 


t 


tNDIAN     NAMK-S. 


3i 


tlie  tribe  had  formerly  lived  on  the  ''dirty  zvatcr'' 
were  led  into*the  erroneous  belief  that  the  tribe 
had  formerly  lived  on  the  sea,  or  on  salt  water, 
which  the  Indians  also  called  ''dirty  water'' 

This  circumstance  accounts  for  Nicolet's  much 
discussed  assertion  that  on  his  voyage  to  Green 
Hay  he  was  within  three  days'  journey  of  the  sea. 

A  three  days'  sail  from  Green  Bay,  would  have 
brought  him  to    JVinii)io;   the  ''dirty  -a'atcr.'' 

The  assumption  that  he  reached  a  iK)in't  within 
three  days'  journey  of  either  the  Wisconsin  or  the 
Mississippi,  and  mistook  the  Mishisibi,  "the  great 
river,"  for  the  ocean,  is  entirely  improbable.  No 
one  accpiainted  with  the  Algic  tongues,  as  he  was, 
would  have  made  such  a  mistake ;  for  sibi  never 
means  any  other  than  runuino-  7oatcr. 

Th(;re  is  absolutely  nothino-  in  the  account  of 
Nicok;t's  journey  {Kelatious  of  1643,)  that  would 
make  a  trip  up  the  Vox  River  probable;  no  more 
so  than  the  diversion  to  the  Rapids  of  St.  Mary, 
which  has  also  been  surmised.  The  assertion  that, 
by  the  word   "sea,"    Nicolet  meant   '*a  river  lead- 


32 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


ing  to   the  sea,"    should    be  supported    1)y  at  least 
one  analogous  exani[)le,  to  obtain  credit. 

The  removal  of  the  Winnebagoes  from  Lake 
Winnebago  to  Green  Bay,  was  caused  by  the 
Dakota  raids  mentioned  in  the  Relations  of  the 
Jesuits.  The  shores  of  the  lake  were  still  unin- 
habited in   1670,  for  that  very  reason. 


Leech  Lake.  (Minn.)  Gasagdskwdjimdka, 
"there  are  leeches  there;"  generally  used  in  the 
locative  case,  Gasagaskivajimekang. 

Sagaskwaajime,  "a  leech."  Saga-,  '' coming 
forth ;"  -skiv-  {-skzui,  -skiva,  the  radical  part  of 
miskwi),  "blood;"  oji-,  "drawing  in;"  -m-,  **mouth;" 
(as  in  ashama,  "he  is  fed,"  "something  is  put  in 
his  mouth;"  ojibv^mo,  "he  speaks  Ojibwa;")  -e,  a 
substantive  ending,  for  the  names  of  beasts,  birds, 
fishes,  et  cetera;  hence,  sagas kwajime,  "a  beast 
that  makes  come  forth  blood  by  drawing  with  the 
mouth,"  "a  blood-sucker."  (Sangsue,  the  French 
for  "leech,"  also  means  "blood-sucker.")  The 
prefix  ga-,  and  the  ending  -ka,  are  explained  else- 
where. 


^r 


INDIAN     NAMKS. 


33 


Les  Chenaux.  (Mackinac  Co.,  Mich.)  "The 
Channels;"  the!  phiral  of  the  French  le  c/icnal, 
"  the  channel."  The  Ojibwa  name  is  Andminang, 
"in  th(!  bowels."  Andiuina,  "underneath/'  "in  the 
body."  The  name  refers  to  the  intricate  tortuosity 
of  the  channels. 


Manitoulin  Island.  (L.  H.)  Manitlnvdnmg^ 
"at  the  Spirit's  cave."  Manito,  "a  supernatural 
being;"  wazlt,  "the  den  of  a  wild  animal;"  -ing\ 
locative  ending.  WazJi  is  a  modification  of  wan, 
"hollow;"  {e.  g.,  wanike,  "he  digs  a  hole.")  The 
term  refers  to  a  "lightning  hole"  on  the  rocky 
shore  of  the  deep  inlet  on  the  north  side  of  the 
island.  This  hole  was  believed  to  be  the  den  of 
the  Spirit-Snake,  —  personified  lightning. 

The  form  Manitonliti  is  a  corruption  of  Mani- 
ioozmlin,  which  is  the  French  rendering  of  Mani- 
towaning. 

The  Indians  generally  call  it  Otaiuaminiss, 
"Ottawa  Island;"  as  the  ancient  home  of  that 
tribe  and  now  again  inhabited  by  a  considerable 
number  of  them. 

Its  Huron  name  was  Ekaentoion. 


34 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


Manitou  Payment.  (Mackinac  Co.,  Mich.) 
A  French  corruption  of  the  Ojihwa  Manito  Bimiva, 
"the  shooting  of  the  Spirit." 

Legend.  Mislnniakioa,  the  Big  Bear,  a  spirit  of 
the  great  lakes,  had  wantonly  slain  Moialwshos 
nephew  and  ward  Maiuoaiics,  the  Little  Wolf, 

The  hero,  wan  and  haggard  from  grief,  and 
planning  revenge,  wandered  along  the  shore  until  he 
discovered  the  playground  of  Mishimakwa  and  his 
spirit  companions.  It  was  on  the  sand  beach  at  the 
foot  of  the  clay  banks  {Lcs  Ecores),  east  of  Manitou 
Payment  Point.  There  Menabosho  waited  his 
chance.  His  stratagem  and  success  are  related  by 
the  Indian  story  tellers,  with  appropriate  panto- 
mines,  in  this  wise:  The  sun  stood  high.  The 
spirits  emerged  from  their  mansions  under  the 
water;  Mishimakwa  and  Mislii(^inebiir  (the  Big  Ser- 
pent), with  the  Ntbanadcc^  (Half-Fish  Men),  and 
other  monstrous  beings.  They  played  and  gamboled 
on  the  broad  smooth  beach,  like  happy  children. 

Menabosho  stood  on  high  at  the  brink  of  the 
bank,  silent  and  motionless.  His  toes  had  spread 
out,  and,  root-like,  worked  themselves  into  the  loose 
soil. 

His  nether  limbs  and  his  trunk  were  scaly  and 
spotted  with  patches  of  lichen.  His  unevenly  ex- 
tended arms  looked  knotty  and  crooked,  like  the 
limbs  of  a  tree  hoary  with  age,  and  his  fingers  like 
its  leafless  branches.  Thus  stood  Menabosho  mo- 
tionless. 

Tzwef  ("hello")  cried  the  Big  Serpent,  what  is 
that  up  there.?     A  tree  ?     No,  brothers,  I   tell  you, 


IXKIAN      NAMKS. 


35 


it  is  not  a  tree.  Tliere  was  no  tree  there  before. 
Perhaps  it  is  Menahosho. 

If  it  be  Menabosho,  said  the  Hitr  licar,  we  shall 
soon  know  it.      I  will  try  him. 

^{^'//,  /<;'//,  shouted  the  spirits. 

Mishiniakwa  clinilKHJ  the  bank,  stood  up  a^^ainst 
the  tree-like  man,  huo<r(nl  him,  scratched  and 
scratched,  till  the  scaly  bark  came  down  in  pieces 
from  his  Hanks  and  back.  It  pained  Menabosho, 
but  he  did  not  wince.  He  neither  shivered  nor 
moaned. 

The  Great  Hear  loosened  his  hold,  roiled  down 
the  bank,  and  c^uietly  walked  back  to  his  com- 
panions. 

It  is  not  Menabosho.  he  said  to  them.  I  have 
tried  him. 

Easy,  easy !  whispered  the  Bi^r  Serpent.  Be  on 
your  guard!     Menabosho  is  wily.      Let  mc  try  him. 

^(^■//.  Ui^h,  shouted  the  spirits. 

MishiL,nnebig  went  to  work.  With  mighty  folds 
he  twisted  around  the  trunk  of  the  man-tree,  up  to 
the  spreading  limbs ;  and  then  he  began  to  squeeze 
him.  It  pained  Menabosho,  but  he  bore  it  without 
a  moan. 

Once  more  the  Big  Serpent  tightened  his  folds, 
and  squeezed  with  twofold  power.'  The  pain  was  so 
great,  Menabosho  gasped  for  breath ;  but  he  did  not 
moan. 

_  And  again  Mishiginebig  tried  him.  With  all  his 
might  he  squeezed  the  man-tree.  It  was  beginning 
to  be  too  much,  even  for  Menabosho.  Anothe^r 
squeeze  and  he  would  have  cried  out;  but  Mishi- 
ginebig gave  up,  satisfied  with  the  trials. 


3^ 


INDIAN     NAMKS. 


Slowly  he  unfolded  his  coils,  and  o^lided  down 
the  bank. 

It  is  no^  Menabosho,  said  he.  I  have  tried  him. 
Menabosho  is  a  coward.  He  would  have  moaned. 
Come,  comrades,  to  our  sport  again  ! 

Thus  spoke  Mishiginebig.  Again  the  spirits 
gamboled  on  the  broad,  smooth  beach. 

Alter  a  while  they  rested.  Scattered  on  the 
shining  sand,  they  lay  basking  in  the  sun. 

This  is  thy  time,  Menabosho  !  He  does  not  stir. 
E'lsy,  easy !  See  his  arms  move,  slowly,  cautiously, 
keep  still !  He  draws  an  arrow  from  his  quiver,  a 
sharp,  stone-tipped  arrow.  Easy,  easy !  The  bow 
is  in  his  hand ;  Kkkimitigzvab,  Menabosho's  good 
bow.  Keep  still !  The  arrow  is  on  the  string.  He 
draws  '♦■  back  with  might.     The  arrow  flies. 

Whoop  !  whoop  ! !  whoop  ! ! !  the  war-whoop 
sounds  from  on  hitrh.  The  monsters  are  startled. 
The  tree  is  gone  ;  Menabosho's  war-whoop  resounds 
through  the  woods.  The  spirits  scamper.  Mishi- 
makwa  lies  or  the  ground,  dying.  The  arrow  sticks 
in.  his  heart. 

It  was  Menabosho. 

Note. — A  tall  pine  overlooking  the  Epoufette 
settlement  and  visible  from  a  great  distance,  has,  in 
the  Indian  mind,  some  connection  with  this  fabulous 
event. 


(The    sequel     to     this    legend    can    be    found 
under  Misha  Mokwa.) 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


o7 


Mauch  Chunk.  (Carbon  Co.,  Penn.) 
Delaware  Maskdchiwink,  "on  the  bear  mountain;" 
corresponding-  to  the  '"  "ibwa  Makzvajiwing ;  from 
nmkiua  (Delaware  muskd),  "a  bear;"  and  wajiw, 
"a  mountain."     (See  Bear  Creek.) 

Me  torn  en.  Manddmin,  "a  grain  of  corn 
(maize) ;"  used  as  a  personal  name.  Pottawatomie 
nmtamiji,  Ottawa  miiidaniin,  "  large  grain ;"  from 
mind-,  7nand-,   "large." 

Mandauiincs,  "Little  Corn,"  was  the  Indian 
name  of  the  famous  voyagcur  Nicolas  Perrot.  A 
Pottawatomie  of  the  same  name  (J\fan-daw-mm) 
was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  first  (1821)  Indian 
Treaty  made  at  Chicago. 


-i 


Missouri  River,  (i.)  Mishduisibi,  or  Mesho- 
m'sibi,  "  River  of  the  Big  Canoe  Trib'j ;"  "  River 
of  the  Big-Tubs  ;"    "  IMandan   River." 

Mishi-,  niish-,  "large;"  -on,  "canoe,"  "vessel;" 
-t,  verbal  ending;  misJioni,  "he  has  (or  sails  in) 
a  large  canoe ;"  mcskoiiid,  "  one  who  owns  (or 
uses)    a   large  canoe."     When    a   parlici[)lc   is  used 


;8 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


as  a  proper  noun,  the  ending-  d  is  generally 
dropped ;  and  in  thic  case,  the  change  of  the 
first  vowel  is  also  sometimes  omitted ;  as,  c.  g.,  in 
Wemitigozhi,  "  a  Frenchman ;"  instead  of  Wcmiti- 
gozJiid,    from  omitigoncy   "he  has  a  wooden  canoe." 

The  name  MisJioni  appears  on  old  maps,  and 
is  mentioned  l:)y  early  writers,  under  the  guise  of 
Missotiritcs,  the  ending,  tcs,  being  adtled  by  the 
French,  according  to  their  custom  ;  the  sh  changed 
to  ss  (as  in  Mississippi)  ;  and  Ji  turned  into  r, 
also  a  matter  of  frequent  occurrence.  Accordingly, 
La  rivih'e  dcs  Missouritcs^  or  the  River  of  tJic 
Massorztcs,  as  Coxe  has  it,  is  the  ''  River  of  the 
Big  Canoe  Tribe." 

Among  the  Indians  who  lived  upon  the  upper 
Missouri,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  the  allied 
Mandans,  Arickarces,  and  Gros  Vcnti'cs,  are  the 
only  ones  now  known  to  have  made  use  (as  a 
rule)  of  boats  different  from  those  of  all  other 
tribes,  —  not  large,  indeed,  but  of  a  very  pecu- 
liar construction.  They  were  the  so-called  "bull- 
boats,"  made  of  wickerwork  in  the  shape  of  a 
tub    and    covered    with    skins ;     and.    though    but 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


39 


about   five    feet    in    diameter,    capable    of    holding 
six  persons. 

If  not  large  canoes,  they  were  certainly  large 
tubs;  and  Miskoni  means  also  "one  who  uses  a 
large  tub ;"  for  the  formative  -oji  (from  the  root 
wan,  "hollow"),  originally  signified  any  kind  of 
hollow  fixture  or  vessel,  as,  c.  g.  in  the  word  ojia- 
i^a;/,  "a  dish."  Any  of  those  three  tribes,  then, 
or  the  whole  confederacy,  may  be  the  people 
whose  ancient  Algic  name  is  preserved  in  the 
name  of  the  Missouri   River. 

This  surmise  would  gain  strength,  if  the  name 
Mandan  could  be  proved  to  be  also  of  Alo-ic 
origin,  like  Sioux,  Winnebago,  and  the  current 
names  of  several  other  tribes  of  different  speech. 
In  that  case,  its  most  obvious  interpretation  would 
be  the  same  as  that  of  Mishout :  for  mandoni,  or 
mindoni  (from  maud-,  or  mind-,  "  large  "),  and  nian- 
goni  (from  mang-,  "big"),  likewise  mean  "he  has 
a  large  canoe  ;"  and  any  of  these  words  might  in 
the  course  of  time,  or  in  the  mouth  of  white 
speakers,  have  become  Mandan. 

(2.)    Pcngwiivdnowesihi,    "River  of  the  Painted 


40 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


Cheeks;"  "Piegan  River/'  Piiigivi,  "ashes,"  "dust," 
"paint  in  the  form  of  ^^oxnA^x  \  pingiviivime,  "he 
p6wders  a  person;"  -now,  -anow,  "cheek;"  pingwi- 
wanowe,  "he  has  powdered  cheeks,"  or  "his  cheeks 
are  painted." 

This  name  was  mentioned  to  Father  Mar- 
quette in  the  form  of  Pekitanoui,  most  hkeiy  by 
the  IlHnois,  whose  dialect  differs  very  much  from 
that  of  the  Ojibwa.  Pekitanoiii  is  said  to  signify 
"muddy  water,"  or  "muddy  river,"  which,  in  the 
Cree  dialect,  would  be  pikagamisipiy,  pikagamkhi- 
wan,  pikinichiwan,  or,  simply,  pikittin. 

The  last  of  these  terms  would  explain  a  part 
of  the  name  Pekitanoui ;  but  the  ending  -anoui 
must  be  accounted  for.  Now,  the  Cree  pikinaiia- 
zvcw  {ivom  pikiu-,  "powder,"  and  -atiaway,  "cheek"), 
is  the  same  as  the  Ojibwa  pingiviwanaive ;  and 
changing  the  first  n  to  t  (a  frequent  transition  in 
the  Algic  languages),  we  obtain  pikitanawcii), 
which  resembles  Father  Marquette's  Pekitanoui,  as 
closely  as  can  be  desired. 

The    name,    then,    would    seem    to    refer,    like 
Mishoni,    to   a   tribe    living    on    the    Missouri    (or 


Indian   names. 


41 


some  of  its  tributaries),  whose  peculiarity  was 
to  paint  the  cheeks.  And,  in  fact,  there  is  such 
a  tribe.  In  the  sign  language  of  the  western 
Indians,  the  Picgans  are  still  known  as  the 
"Cheek-Painters,"  or  "  Painted  Cheeks."  (See  the 
gesture  in  "The  Indian  Sign  Language,"  by 
W.  P.  Clark,  U.  S.  Army.)  And  their  Cree  name, 
Pikanowiyiniw  (from  pik-  "muddy,"  ''dirty;"  and 
-anaway,  "cheek"),  means  "dirty  cheek  man." 

The  river  itself  is  now  called,  in  Cree,  Piega- 
nowisipiy,  ''  Piegan  River." 

As  to  the  transition  from  ;^  to  ^  or  d,  and 
vice  versa,  compare  Cree  atak,  and  Ojibwa  anaiig 
"a  star;"  Ojibwe  i?izve,  and  Cv<iQ  itowe,  "bespeaks 
such  a  language ;"  Ottawa  zhizhodcwaam,  and  Cree 
sisonehaam,  "she  sails  along  the  beach."  It  is 
possible,  however,  that  Pckitanwi  was  a  misunder- 
standing on  the  part  of  Father  Marquette,  and 
that  the  name  given  to  him  was  PekinanivL 


\  ii 


Mindemoya  Lake.  (Manitoulin  Island,  L. 
H.)  Mindwtdyesdgaigan,  "Old  Woman  Lake."  It 
has  its  name  from  an  island,  which  is  said  to  bear 


42 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


a  striking  resemblance  to  a  woman  floating  on  the 
water,  and  therefore  called  by  the  Indians  Mijidi- 
moye,  "the  old  woman." 

Monkey.  Nandomdkotndshi,  "louse-searching 
beast."  Nandomakonic,  "  he  is  searching  for  lice  ;" 
-ski,  a  substantive  ending,  for  the  name  of  beasts, 
birds,   insects,  et  cetera. 

Cree  ayismakesk,  also  otayisinakesk,  "  one  who 
is  in  the  habit  of  imitating." 


Monongahela.  (River  in  Pennsylvania.) 
Memondwangehdlak  (Delaware),  the  participle  of 
Mamonawangehela,  "  the  river  is  digging  away  its 
shores." 

The  Ojibwa  equivalent  is  Mondivangwdtan,  or 
Mamondwangwdttui,  in  the  participle,  Monona- 
zuaiio'watanc'-  Monawe,  "  he  is  diufirins: ;"  (e.  e- 
})ionaapini,  "  he  is  digging  potatoes ;"  monashkwe, 
"  he  is  tearing  out  weeds ;")  -awatig,  "  sand," 
"sand  bank;"  [e.  g.  ■rnitazvanga,  "the  beach  con- 
sists of  pure  sand  ;")  monazvangwe,  "  he  is  digging 
out   sand;"  -aian,   "there  is  a  water-course;"   "the 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


43 


Stream  Is  actincr  in  such  a  way."  The  reduph'ca- 
tion  of  the  first  syUalMc  {mo,  as  customary,  being 
changed  to  ma,^  marks  the  repeated  action.  The 
Delaware  termination  -hcla,  {-kclla,  -henna,)  sig- 
nifies "running  water;"  Hke  the  Ojibwa  sibi, 
-tigweya,  and  -atan. 

Instead  of  monawangwatan,  the  Ojihwa  usually 
say  nictatawaiigivatan ;  from  met-^  "wearing  out;" 
-ataivang,  "sand  bank;"  and  -atan,  as  above. 

The  French  rendering  of  Mainonaivangehela,  is 
Malanguclc.  (See  La  Poifiie,  for  mo7i-;  Sandy 
Lake,  for  -awang;  and  Detroit,  for  -atan.) 

Mudjekeewis.  ''The  West-Wind;  father  of 
Hiawatha;''  in  Longfellow's  poem.  Majikiwiss, 
"the  first-born  son;"  from  maji-,  "beginning ;"  and 
the  obsolete  kiwis,  "man."  Hence  akiwesi,  "an 
old  man;"  kwiwises,  "a  boy;"  -gwiss,  "a  son." 

Nahma.  (Delta  Co.,  Mich.)  Name,  "a  stur- 
geon." The  town  is  situated  on  Sturgeon  River 
{Namesibi). 

The    Delaware   namaes,    pronounced    nanids,    is 


44 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


the  diminutive  form  of  tliis  word,  but  in  that 
dialect  means  "fish."  This  is  the  meaning  of 
name  {-anicg)  in  other  dialects  also,  whenever  it 
forms  part  of  compounds,  such  as,  c.  £-.  Ojibwa 
namctcg,  zlugwameg,  "  dried  fish  ;"  Crce  zvahamek, 
"  a  whitish  fish  ;"   attikamek,  "  a  white-fish." 

The  Delaware  Namasisipee,  "•  Fish  River,"  men- 
tioned in  the  traditional  account  of  their  wander- 
ines,   is  the  same  word. 

The  pronunciation  of  a  in  the  Delaware  dia- 
lect is  practically  the  same  as  in  Menominee,  —  a 
sound  intermediate  between  a  in  man,  and  ay, 
with  somewhat  of  a  nasal  tone. 


Ottawa.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  ad- 
vanced Algic  tribes,  and  nearly  related  with  the 
Ojibwa.  Olawa,  plural  Oiawag,  shortened  from 
the  obsolete  odaiodzvc,  Cree  odattaw,'  "  he  has 
(owns)  fur."  (From  -waive,  -aive,  "  fur,"  we  have 
e.  g.  minwawe,  "it  has  a  good  fur;"  bissagzvawc, 
"'  it  has  a  thick  costly  fur ;"  atawe,  "■  he  traffics; " 
atawagan,  "peltry"  (in  trade);  Cree  nandawaga- 
new,   "he   hunts   for   fun") 


n 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


45 


n 


Like  the  names  of  many  other  tribes  (as  well 
as  of  some  nations,  ancient  and  modern),  this 
name  is  of  foreign  oricrjn.  It  was  first  given  b)' 
the  Algonkins  on  the  St.  Lawrence;  "to  one  of  the 
Ottawa  clans  on  the  east  shore  of  Georgian  Bay, 
who  opened  the  fur  trade  with  the  French  (de- 
scending by  way  of  the  Ottawa  River),  and,  for 
some  time,  claimed  its  monopoly.  From  these,  it 
passed  to  other  clans  of  like;  speech,  and  for  some 
time,  was  even  applied  to  all  the  "  Upper  Algon- 
kins ;"  (Pottawatomies,  Ojibwa,  Menominees,  ct 
cetera^ 

The  French  first  called  the  tribe  Chcveux 
Relev4s^  "Standing  Hairs,"  from  their  fashion  of 
wearing  the  hair  in  crest-like  shape;  afterwards, 
Ouiaouixn,  Ondataonaonat  (pronounced  odatawa- 
wa)\  and  finally  Gutaonak,  and   Oufawais. 

The  term  Chcveux  Rclevcs  lias  made  room  for 
the  more  modern  name  Courtes  Oreilles^  "Short 
Ears."  This  is  an  erroneous  translation  of  OUizua<r 
Kishkakoyag  (or  KisJikakosag-),  "Otawa  of  the 
Short-tailed  Bear  Totem,"  one  of  the  most  i)rom- 
inent  clans  of  the   tribe.      {^KisJikitaivagc,   ''  his  ear 


46 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


is  cut  off,"  or  "his  ear  is  shortened;"  a  part  being- 
cut  off.)     (See  Kish-kau-ko^ 

Penetanguishene.  COntarlo.  Canada.) 
BertatdzvamrwishmQ-  "where  the  sand  slides  down 
the  bank."  Bin-,  hina-,  "coming-  off,"  "dropping," 
"casting"  (as  in  binaiue,  "it  moults f  binakwi,  "the 
trees  shed  their  leaves;"  binagidoneshka,  "the  skin 
comes  off  his  lips");  mitawanga,  "there  is  sand 
on  the  shore;"  hence  binatawanga,  "the  sand 
slides  down  the  bank."  The  remaining  part  of 
the  word  may  include  the  vituperative  or  com- 
miserative ending  -ish  (as  in  Nadoivekweyamish- 
ing;  see  St.  Ignacc),  or  the  formative  -is kin,  "it 
lies   thus." 

Pontiac.  Ottawa  BivanMiyag,  or  Bonitiyak, 
"Anchor."  Bon-  "stopping;"  anit,  "a  spear;"  -ak, 
"a  stick;"  anitiyak,  "a  spear  handle;"  hence  boni- 
tiyak,  a  stick  planted  in  the  ground  to  anchor 
(stop)   a  canoe. 

The  term  is  not  in  common  use ;  they  say 
instead,  bonakaj'igan,  from  bonakcijigc^  "  he  stops 
something   {bon-),  by  means  of  a   stick  (-^?/')." 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


47 


The  name  just  suits  the  famous  chief  Pontiac, 
who  was  l/ie  last  anchor  of  the  Indian  cause. 

Pyramid  Rock.  (Mackinac  Island,  Mich.) 
Pctakdbikideg  dzkibik,  "standing  rock."  Petaki- 
dcg,  "standing-,"  "sticking  in  the  ground;"  -adti-, 
"hard  mineral;"  az/ubik,  "rock." 

The  term  petakabikideo;  is  a  sample  of  the 
curious  system  of  compounding  words,  called 
"incapsulation."  An  imitation  of  the  word  in 
English,  would  be  stick-stonc-up-ing^  instead  of 
sticking   up   stone. 

The  modern  name,  "Sugar-Loaf  Rock,"  would 
be  translated,  sisibakwatong  ezhinagwak  azkibik, 
"sugar   shaped    rock." 

Quebec.  (Canada.)  Montagnais  Kawdpak, 
"where  the  river  is  narrow."  Ojibwa  gawibwak, 
the  archaic  participle  of  zvibzva,  "  it  becomes  nar- 
row;"   Cree  wapa^   "a  strait." 

Quinnesec.  (Menominee  County,  Mich.) 
Pekiv^nesseg,  "where  the  river  forms  smoke 
(spray)."     Pakzvene    "there    is    smoke,"    "a   rising 


48 


IMJJIAN     NAMES. 


cloud  of  smoke;"  -esse,   "the   river  runs  thus;"  the 
change    of    a    to    e,    and    the    tinal   /,    make    the 

participle. 

Pekwdncsseg  is  the  name  of  a  fall  of  the 
Menominee  River,  in  the  nei<,diborhood  of  the 
villao-e.  A  few  miles  distant  there  are  the  "Little 
Quinnesec  Falls;"  Ojibwa  Pckivincsscs. 

Sachem.  Sd<riiua,  ''a  chief."  From  sag-, 
"coming  forth,"  or  "rising  al:)Ove." 

Sacramore  is  a  corruption  of  the  same  word. 

Saskatchiwan.  (River  in  Canada.) 
Cree  Kisiskdchiwan,  "the  river  runs  rapidly." 
O'y'o^?.  Kizkijkvan,  from  kizhi-,  "fast,"  and  -ijhvim, 
-jiwau,  ''the  river  runs   thus." 

Saut  Ste.  Marie.  (Mich.)  Father  Dablon 
named  the  mission  established  by  him  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids  in  1668,  Sainte  Marie  dit  Sault, 
"  Saint  Mr.ry's  of  the  Rapids."  Saut,  is  the  modern 
spelling;  '' Soo^'  the  popular  pronunciation. 

From  the  word  Saut,  "falls,"  or  "rapids,"  the 
Ojibwa    tribe    obtained   its  French    name,  Santeux. 


■J~ 


INDIAN    NAMES. 


49 


At  first,  those  only  whose  honu  was  at  the  "Soo" 
were  called  by  that  name;  hut  by  degrees  it 
passed  to  all  Indians  of  the  same  speech.  The 
spelling  '' Saute ur,''  though  very  common,  is  wrong; 
this  word  is  pronounced  differently,  and  denotes 
"a  spnnger,"  or  "a  jumper." 

The  Indian  name  of  the  town  or  rapids  is 
BaivUing,  from  bawitig,  "rapids."  This  is  an 
abbreviation  of  baiuitigiveya,  "the  river  is  beaten 
into  spray."  (Some  Indians  pronounce  it  bagzvi- 
tmg,  "where   the    river   is   shallow.") 

The  Ojibwa  band  residing  at  the  Saut  were 
called  BawitigdzvininiWi  ",  or  BaivUing-ddzlu-iiUni- 
wag,  "Men  of   the    RapiJs." 

The  Indians  have  no  general  name  for  St. 
Mary's  River;  but  have  for  the  lakes  into  which 
it  expands.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is  called 
Giwideoonaning,  "where  they  sail  around  a  point." 

Pawttickct,  Pozvatan,  Pawcatuck,  Paivtttxet 
(Ojibwa  Baivitigosing,  "at  the  little  falls"),  and 
many  other  similar  names  in  different  dialects,  are 
of  the  same  root  as  bawitig,  and  denote  a  fall  or 
rapids.     The  root  is  biuv,  "to  scatter  by  striking;" 


50 


INDIAN    NAMES. 


hence,  e.  g.  bawinigodc,  "  it  is  shaken  off ;"  bawisi- 
dcshiDiono,  "he  shakes  the  dust  (or  snow)  off  his 
feet."  Cree  pazvahainoyaiu^  "the  snow  falls  off 
the  trees."     (See  Detour.) 


Shiawassee.  (River  in  L.  P.  of  Mich.) 
Azhabwdsse  (generally  used  as  a  participle,  Azhao- 
wcssig),  "  it  runs  back  and  forwards,"  "  the  river 
twists  about."  AzJiazv-,  "across,"  "from  one  side 
to  the  other"  (as  in  azhawa,  "he  crosses  a  body 
of  water;"  azhaok,  "from  one  side  to  the  other"); 
and  -esse,  "the  river  runs  thus."  A  look  at  \\\v. 
map  shows  the  appropriateness  of  the  term,  espec- 
ially if  you  compare  the  course  of  the  Shiawassee 
wath  that  of  the    Tittabawassee. 


S  u  n  -  D  i  a  1 .  Dibaigisisszvan,  "  sun-measure." 
Dibaigan,  ''measure  ;"  _<,'7>as\v,  "sun." 

The  only  sun-dial  known  to  the  Indians  in 
their  untutored  state  was  a  stick  or  twig  stuck 
into  the  ground  or  snow,  with  a  line  traced  in 
the  direction  of  its  shadow.  This  contrivance 
was,  and  is  still,   used  by  travelers.     The  intention 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


51 


is  to  let  those  in  the  rear  know  the  time  of  the 
day  at  which  the  advance  party  started  from,  or 
passed,  the  spot  thus  marked. 

At  present,  dibaigisissivan  is  the  name  of  a 
watch,  clock,  or  any  time-piece. 

Tadoussac.  (Canada.)  Totoshak,  "breasts.'' 
The  place  is  so  called  from  its  landmark,  two 
dome-shaped   mountains. 


Thermometer.  Kissina-dibdbishkodco-  "where 
the  cold  is  weighed,"  ''cold-balance,"  "cold-scales." 
Ki'ssina,  "it  is  cold;"  di'b-,  fi/)-,  "equal,"  " opposite  f' 
-abishk,  -abik,  "stone,"  "metal;"  -ode,  verbal  end- 
i'"^g'"  S^  participle  ending.  Dibabishkode,  "it  is 
weighed,"  literally  means,  "it  is  balanced  by 
means  of  a  stone  (or  piece  of  metal)." 

The  archaic  form  -abishk  (now  -abik ;  Massa- 
chusetts -ambsk;  Crce  -ab/s/c),  shows  that  the  term 
is  not  of  modern  coining,  and,  consequently,  that 
the  Ojibwa  made  use  of  weights  before  civiliza- 
tion   reached    them. 


52 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


Totem.  Odl,  "family,"  "gens,"  "family 
mark,"  "ancestral  animal."  Whenever  this  word 
Is  used  in  the  sense  of  "family  mark,"  or  "ances- 
tral animal,"  it  is  invariably  connected  with  a  per- 
sonal pronoun  ;  and  as  In  this  case  the  connective 
d,  and  the  possessive  ending  m  are  required,  it 
has  passed  into  the  French  and  English  languages 
under  the  form  of  dodem,  or  totem. 

Here  are  some  examples  of  its  use.  Nizhode 
ayawag,  "there  are  two  families  there."  Wcdetojig, 
'^  persons  living  together  In  a  village."  Nindodcm, 
"my  family  mark,"  "my  ancestral  animal."  Migi- 
si  niiid  ododeminan,  "I  have  the  eagle  for  my 
totem."     Makzvan  odododoninau,  "his  totem  is  the 

bear." 

The  principal  totems  of  the  Ojibwa  tribe  are, 
the  bear  {viakwa),  the  crane  {ajlja/c),  the  marten 
{wabizhesJii\  the  catfish  {inanamei),  the  wolf 
{^maingan\  the  loon  {mang),  the  moose  {in6s\ 
the  burbot  {azvassi,  awasstssi),  the  bear's  sirloin 
{iioke),  the  pigeon-tail  (ciazve),  the  eagle  {mighi). 
Others,  less  wide-spread,  are  the  reind-^er  (atik), 
the    "merman"    (nibanabe),  the  lynx  {b'shiw),  the 


INDIAN    NAMES. 


53 


black  duck  {makatcshib\  the  pike  {ginozhe\  the 
whitefish  {atikamco),  the  sucker  {iiamcbin),  the 
beaver  {amik),  tlie  wild  goose  {nika),  the  gull 
{gayaskk\  the  hawk   [kckek). 

Most  of  these  totems  are  ako  found  among 
the  Ottawa,  together  with  tne  following:  the 
rattle-snake  {zhishig-we),  the  water-snake  {omissan- 
damo),  the  sturgeon  {name),  the  sparrow-hawk 
{p'lpignvises),  the  thunder,  or  thunder-bird  (.i/^/w/Zv), 
and  the  fork   {^nissawakivad). 

Wabash.  (River  in  Indiana  and  Illinois.) 
Wahashkikisihi,  "Hog  River."  IWibashkiki,  "a 
bog."  "a  marsh;"  from  luab-,  "white;"  -ashk, 
"grass;"  -iki,    '\ground." 


Washington  Island.  (Green  Bay,  Wis.) 
IVassekigancso,  ''his  (sweat-covert^d)  breast  is  shin- 
ing." IVassc-,  "shining;"  kakigan,  "breast;"  -eso, 
the  ending  of  many  x'erlw  referring  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  human  body.  This  compound  is  used 
when  a  man  is  perceived  at  a  distance,  by-  the 
reflection    ol    the   sunbeams    from    his    bare    breast 


54 


INDIAN    NAMES. 


covered  with  perspiration ;  c.  o:  while  paddhng  a 
canoe.  The  term  is  properly  applicable  to  per- 
sons only;  by  a  bold  figure  of  speech  it  has  been 
transferred  to  that  island,  visible  at  a  great  dis- 
tance when  its  perpendicular  white  cliffs  rellect 
the    light    of    the    sun. 

The  hrst  name  found  on  maps,  was  "  Potta- 
wattomie  Island"  {Potcivaiamiminisi)  \  it  having 
been  occupied    by  that    tribe   about  the   middle  of 

the   i/th  century. 

The  French  name  was  Isle  dcs  Poux ;  from 
the  nickname  of  those  Indians.  This  name  led 
some  map  makers  to  call  it  "Louse  Island" 
{^Pcni^    "a  louse"). 

Wicomico.  (River  in  Maryland.)  Delaware 
Wikdiiiika  (Ojibwa  uigkvdmika),  "  there  are  houses 
(lodges,   wigwams)   there." 

The  term  for  "house,"  among  the  Ojibwa,  is 
wakaioan  ;  for  "lodge,"  wuriivam  ;  while  the 
Ottawa  use  the  latter  word  for  both  houses  and 
lodges,  reserving  the  term  7vakaigan  for  a  forti- 
fied   enclosure,    "a  fort."       Both   words  are  appar- 


INDIAN     NAMES. 


55 


ently  derived  from  the  root  wa^^-^  wak,  or  wik, 
"somethinor  round,"  which  appears  in  the  follow- 
ing derivatives;  ivakwi  (Ottawa),  ''heaven;"  zvagi- 
nogan,  "a  round  lodge;"  zvikwcya,  "there  is  a 
bay ;"  wak,  ''  spawn  ;"  and  many  others,  including 
those  derived  from  the  form  loashk,  as  zuashkossc, 
"he  makes  a  crooked  route;"  meaning  "he  walks 
circuitously  ;"  waivxshkamo,  "the  trail  is  crooked;" 
and  probably  also  luawLXshkcski,   "a  deer." 

Yenadizze.  The  ''idler  and  oarnbhr'^  in 
Longfellow's  Iliaioal/ia.  Ainadisi,  "he  behaves 
in  different  vva\s,"  "he  k:ads  a  rovino"  life;"  aiioch 
ainadisi,  "he  conducts  Iiimsc^lf  oLldly;"  the  iterative 
forni  of  iiiadisi,  "  he  behaves  thus ;"  from  iii- 
iizJii-)^  "so;''  and  -adisi,   "he  is,"  "he  behaves." 

York  Island.  (One  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
L.  S. )  Gamis kwdbunizhi kang,  "  where  red  willows 
abound,"  or  "  where  there  is  plenty  of  Kiuuiki- 
nickr  Miskwahimizh,  "red  willow;"  -ika,  "it  is 
plentiful  there;"  ga-,  an  obsolete  participial  prefix. 
The  red  willow,  is  one  of  the  plants  that  fur- 
nishes the;  Kinuikinick. 


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E.  P.  FOLEY. 


R.  P.  FOLEY. 


Fo!ey's/\R7"Galle 


ry 


HEADQUARTERS  FOR  ALL  KINDS  OF 


Photographic  Views, 

OIL  ANu  WATER  COLOR  PAINTINGS. 


Artists  will  go  with  parties  to  any  point  on  or  off  Mackinac 

Island,    to   make    special   views   on    demand 

for  a  reasonable  compensation. 


Steam  Lapidary  Machinery 

In  connection,  for  siiaping  and  polishing  Agates,  many  of 
which  are  found  on  this  lapideoiis  Island. 

AGATE  JEWELRY  A  SPECIALTY. 


Do  not  fail  to  call  and  examine  the  many  fine  specimens  of 
Northern  Michigan  Animals  exhibited  here  free  of  chat ge. 

FOLEY  BROS.,  Prop's, 


Cor.  Fort  and  Main  Streets. 


MACKINAC  ISLAND, 


( 


OHN-JACOB-ASTOR-HOUSE 


-4J *-L 


■:^ 


MACKINAC   ISLAND.  MICH. 


HEADQUARTERS    OF    ARMY    AND     NAVY    OFFICERS. 

Former  Headquarters  of  the  American  Fur 

Company.  _ 


i 


The  Astor  House  is  conveniently  located  about  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  wharf  whore  all  passengers  are  landed.  Tourists  stopping  at 
the  Astor  will  save  carriage  hire  to  and  from  all  boats  stopping  at  the 
Island. 

No  fire  traps— 12  easy  fire-escapes. 

Fresh  eggs  and  poultry  from  the  Astor  Farm.  Fresh  milk  and 
butter  from  the  Astor  Jersey  Dairy. 

This  is  the  only  hotel  on  the  Inland  which  is  supplied  with  pure 
running  spring  water.  By  authority  of  a  special  Act  of  Congress,  we 
have  run  a  pipe  from  the  noted  "Manitou  Spring."  and  the  Astor 
House  is  now  supplied  for  all  purposes  with  the  best  and  purest  water 
on  earth.  It  was  in  their  vain  but  determined  attempt  to  retain  pos- 
session of  this,  their  sacred  spring,  the  ancient  tribe  of  the  MlMnimaki 
were  utterly  exterminated  (This  is  the  only  spring  on  this  continent 
north  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  where  the  natural  temperature  of  the 
water  is  twenty  degrees  colder  in  the  summer  than  in  winter.  Winter, 
55  degrees;  Summer,  35  degrees  Fahrenheit.) 

Guests  of  the  Astor  have  access  to  the  old  and  original  books  of  the 
American  Fur  Company. 

In  the  basement  of  the  Astor  House  is  the  celebrated  Astor  Fire- 
Place-so  often  referred  to  by  Irving-the  largest  fire-place  in  the 
United  States. 

JAMES    F.   CABLE,   Propr. 


ffilCHIGANrENTRAL 


THE 


i     DIRECT  ROUTE 

TO 

^/[ackinac 

-~=[SL.\ND. 

Through  Cars  from  Detroit,  con- 
necting at  Bay  City  with  through 
cars  from  Chicago  and  Jackson. 


To 

An   island, 

GRCEN 

AND  • 

GRASSY, 

yondeh  in  the 
Big-Sea-Water 


1 

I 


TH 


Commercial    Ho^el- 

C.  W.  DABB  &  CO.,  Proprietors. 


ACCOMMODATIONS  FOR  FIVE  HUNDRED  GUESTS. 


k 


Corner  Lake  and  Dearborn  Streets, 

CHICAGO. 


The  location  is  most  iwcessible  to  Depots,  Steamboat  Landings,  Theatres,  Public  Buildings, 

Parhs,  and  all  objects  of  interest.     Full  South  and  East  Fronts,  Passenger 

Elevator,    Electric   Lights   and  all  Modern   Improvements. 

TERMS,  $2.00  AND  $2.50  PER  DAY,  INCLUDING  MEALS. 

Supper,  Lodgiin^  and  Breakfast,  $1.50.      Lodging  and  Breakfast,  8I.OO. 

Meals,  50  Cents  Each. 


A.  B.  DICKINSON, 

III' 
Hniilh'M  llutel,  lllllHiliili-.  Mich. 


FRANK  H.  OARR, 

Kiirnii'i-ly  CiiHhlor  llooily  Hoiisu, 
Tdlfdo,  Ohio 


^^^  BRUNSJ^,^ 


^ 


^ 


ill'iitti 


^ 


Cor,  of  State  and  Griswold  Sts, 


One  Square  from  City   Hall, 


DETROIT, 


MICHIGAN. 


Location  Cknthai-.  Convenient  to  tlu;  leading  stores  and  places  of 
aniii.senient.  First-class  in  all  appointments,  liavins  passenger  elevator, 
heated  by  steam,  liot  and  cold  water  in  rooms,  and  all  modern  improve- 
ments. A  large  number  of  very  desirable  guest  and  sample  rooms  have 
recently  been  completed  in  the  adjoining  building  on  State  Street,  im- 
mediately in  the  rear  of  M.  S.  Smith  &  C^o.'s  jevpelry  store,  making  our 
location  absolutely  central,  and  giving  ample  accommodations  for  over 
one  hundred  guests. 

RATES,  $2.50  aiul  $2.00  PEK  DAY. 


mC KINS  ON  &  CARR, 


Proprietors, 


Cheboygan.  Mackinac  &  Sault  Ste  Marie 

DAILY  LINE  STEAMERS. 


The  Only  Daily  Line  on  this  Popular  Route. 


Stmr.  "Soo  City." 

BY  HON  ARMSTHUNQ,  Captain. 


ED  A.  PLUM,  VIerh. 


I.KAVKS 

CHEBOYGAN 

Mondays.  Wednesdays  and  Fridays. 

•)  o'clock  a.  ni. 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

9  o'clock  a.  m. 
AKKIVIXJ  AT 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

()  o'clock  p.  111. 


I.KAVKS 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

Tuesdays,  Ttmrsdays  and  Saturdays 

ti  o'clock  a.  m. 
AUKIVKS  AT 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

!i  80  o'clock  p.  III. 

CHEBOYGAN 

5  o'clock  p.  in. 


Stmr.  "Minnie  M." 

J.  ti.  MONOOH,  Captain. 
F.    M.    HUBBARD.  Clerk. 


I-KAVKS 

CHEBOYGAN 

Tuesdays,  Tlinisdays  and  Saturdays, 

<i  o'clock  II.  111. 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

it  o'clock  a.  Ill, 

AKKIVINO  AT 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

0  o'clock  p.  in. 

tKAVK.S 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

IWondays,  Wednesdays  and  Fridays, 

0  o'clock  a.  m. 
AHHIVKS  AT 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

2.30  o'clock  p.  111. 

CHEBOYGAN 

5  o'clock  p.  111. 


STOPPING   AT  ALL   PLACES  OF  LANDING  ON  THIS  ROUTE. 

Kor  further  information,  call  on  any  of  the  following  agents: 

F,  H,  HORNE,  LAMOND  &  KOBINSON,  A.  S.  RUSSEL, 

Mackinaw  City.  Ht.  Ignace. 

GEO.  KEMP, 

Sault  Ste  Marie,  or 

W.    R.    OWEN,  Manager, 

;53  >letro]>olitiiii   Itlock, 

CHICAGO,    ILL. 


Cheboygan, 

GEO.  T.  ARNOLD, 

Mackinac  Island. 


Chippewa  House 


Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Michigan. 


loo    leoojvi®. 


HEADQUARTERS  FOR  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

'  HEADQUARTERS  FOR  ALU  FISHING  CLUBS. 


The  Chippewa  House  is  conveniently  located  on 
Water  Street,  (nearer  the  river  than  any  other  hotel  in 
the  city),  a  few  yards  from  \A^here  all  the  passengers 
are  landed  who  arrive  Vjy  boat;  fifty  yards  from  the 
mair.  entrance  to  Fort  Brady,  (the  Army  Officers 
messing  at  the  Chippewa),  and  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  Canal  Locks. 

Electric  lights  in  every  room,  and  the  house  fitted 
>A/-ith  all  modern  conveniences.  No  danger^  from  fires, 
as  the  rooms  are  on  the  ground  floor,  or  up  but  one 
flight  of  stairs. 

All  passengers   arriving    by   boat   will   save   carriage 
hire  to  and  from  all  boats,  by  stopping  at  the  Chippe\A^a. 

Ferry  boats  running  to  the  Canada  side  of  the  river 
start  every  fifteen  minutes  from  the  wharf  opposite 
the  Chippewa. 

HENRY  P.  SMITH,  Prop'r  d^  Manager. 


'he  New  Mackinac 

{Built  in  iSSS,  upon  the  site  of  the  old  "Mackinac  House" 
which  was  burned  in  January,  iSSy.) 


Mackinac   Island, 


Mich, 


100   GOOD   BED   ROOMS. 

Tei'iiif^,   .VB2.00   and  6'^.5()    Per    Day. 


This  house  is  well   arranged   for  the   comfort  of  tourists,  and  is  con 

veniently  located  opposite  the  end  of  the  only  passenger  wharf 

on  the  Island.     The  turnitnre,  carpets,  etc.,  are  ali  new. 

The  house  is  equipped  with  electric  bells,  ami 

all  modern  conveniences. 

FRED.  R.  EMERICK,    -     -    Proprietor  and  Manager. 


This  hotel  has  heen  built  and  arranged  for  the  special  comfort  and  convenience  of 
summer  boarders. 

On  arrival,  each  guest  will  be  asked  how  he  likes  tlie  situation,  and  if  he  says  the 
hotel  ought  to  have  been  iilaeed  upon  Fort  Holmes  or  on  Round  Island,  the  location 
of  the  hotel  will  be  immediately  changed. 

Corner  front  rooms,  up  only  one  flight,  for  every  guest.  Baths,  gas,  electricity, 
hot  and  cold  water,  lauml.-v,  telegraph,  resta\u'ant,  fire  alarm,  bar-rooin,  billiard 
table,  daily  papers,  sewing  ma  'bine,  grand  piano,  and  all  other  modern  conveniences 
in  every  room.  Meals  every  minute,  if  desired,  and  consequently  no  second  table. 
Englisli,  French  and  Geiniaii  dictionaries  furnished  every  guest,  to  make  up  such  a 
bill  of  fare  as  he  may  desire. 

Waiters  of  any  nationality  and  color  desired.  Every  waiter  furnished  wiihalihret- 
to,  button-hole  boquet,  fidl  di  ess  suit,  liall  tablet,  and  his  hair  parted  in  the  middle. 

Every  guest  will  have  the  best  seat  in  the  dining  hall  and  the  best  waiter  in 
the  house. 

Our  clerk  was  carefully  educated  for  this  hotel,  and  he  Is  prepared  to  please  every- 
body. He  is  always  ready  to  sing  any  song  you  desire,  play  upon  your  favorite 
musical  instrument,  match  worsted,  take  a  hand  at  draw-poker,  jjlay  billiards,  study 
astronomy,  lead  the  german,  amuse  the  children,  make  a  fourth  at  whist,  or  flirt 
with  any  young  lady,  and  will  not  mind  being  "cut  dead  when  Pa  comes  down."  He 
will  attend  to  the  telephone  and  answer  all  questions  in  Choctaw,  Chinese,  Chippewa, 
Volapuk,  or  any  other  of  the  Court  languages  of  Europe. 

The  proprietor  will  always  be  happy  to  hear  that  some  other  hotel  is  "the  bes 
in  the  country."  Special  attention  given  to  parties  who  can  give  information  as  to 
"  how  these  things  are  done  in  Boston." 

For  climate,  beautiful  scenery  and  health,  Mackinac  Island  cannot  be  surpassed; 
only  one  funeral  in  1887,— the  patient  called  a  doctor. 


BOOKIS 


BIT 


DWIGHT  H.   Kelton, 


CAPTAIN    U.    S.    ARMY. 


History  flftleSaultSteJary  Canal; 


PAPER,   15   CENTS. 


Annals  of  Fort  Mackinac; 


PAPER,   25   CENTS. 


I 


D 


8  lira 

CLOTH.   Si.OO. 


10 


li  L 


The  above  sent  by  mail  upon  receipt  of  price. 


KELTON  &  CO., 


GiXJinsrc-x-,  jsjulcelxcs-j^t^t. 


T 


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